Moldabekova was born on May 04, 1976 in Almaty city.

Moldabekova graduated from the Al-Farabi Kazakh State National University in 1999, holder of a PhD. in Physics and Mathematics.

Her professional career commenced in 1999 at the Al-Farabi Kazakh State National University in the position of an assistant at the Department of Computer Software and Mathematical Cybernetics.

From June 2001 through July 2003 Mrs. A. Moldabekova worked as a junior analyst and consequently as a senior analyst at the Portfolio and Financial Markets Analysis Division, Monetary Operations Department at the National Bank of Kazakhstan.

From August 2003 through December 2012 she proceeded as a senior analyst at the Analysis and Risk Division, a senior dealer at the Dealing Operations Division, Head of the Analysis and Risks Division, Monetary Operations Department at the National Bank of Kazakhstan.

From December 2012 through October 2015 she was promoted to the position of a Deputy Director of the Monetary Operations Department (Department of Monetary Operations and Asset Management) at the National Bank of Kazakhstan.

Moldabekova was appointed as a Director of the Department of Monetary Operations and Asset Management back in October 2015, and since February 2016 following the structural reorganization process at the National Bank of Kazakhstan as a Director of the Monetary Operations Department at the National Bank of Kazakhstan.

By the Order of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 26 December 2019, Aliya Moldabekova was appointed Deputy Governor of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

She was awarded the «Order of Kurmet», the medal of the Republic of Kazakhstan «For Distinguished Labour» and the jubilee medals «20 years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan», «20 years to Kazakhstan Tenge», «20 years to Astana», «30 years to Kazakhstan Tenge», and the badge «Honored employee of the National Bank o Kazakhstan». She has repeatedly been granted with Appreciation letters from the Governor of the National Bank of Kazakhstan.